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  What is Meteorological Instrument and how can we overview Meteorological station?

    I hope you are taking benefit from these topics. Today I discuss meteorological instruments that are very important in Agriculture and Irrigation and Drainage systems. Meteorological instruments are used to measure the changes in climate and weather conditions.

Meteorological Instruments:  

                                                   Those instruments which are used to sample the state of the atmosphere at any given time are called meteorological instruments. It is also called weather instruments these are used to find out the state of an atmosphere at any given time. These instruments are used to measure different perimeters of the state of the atmosphere such as humidity, wind speed, temperature, rain, sunshine, etc. The meteorological instrument is used to measure the state of the atmosphere at any time. These instruments are very important because these instruments constantly gather information about weather states anywhere on the Earth.

Meteorological Instrumental State:

                                                             A Meteorological Instrumental State is a facility either on land or on the sea with its equipment to measure the atmosphere condition and also about weather and climate.

Climate: 

                 Changes in the state of the atmosphere for a long period of time. For example state of the atmosphere, before ten years is different than today, this is climate change.

Weather:  

                Changes in the state of atmosphere after a few times, this is weather because, in weather atmosphere state changes after a short time, this is the weather. 

There are different instruments that are used in forecasting.

Forecasting:

                     Forecasting is the process of measuring the state of atmosphere or weather nationally in a standard way by using weather instruments.

Anemometer:

                      Anemometer is an instrument that is used to measure wind speed. It is a very common weather instrument that measures the speed of weather. Its measuring units are in feet per minute, kilometer per hour, nautical mile per hour, miles per hour, etc.

Barometer:

                   The barometer is an instrument that is used to measure the pressure difference of the atmosphere. It is very common in measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. Its units are inches of mercury, pounds per square inch, pascal, millibar, etc. It consists of a long glass tube sealed at one end and filled with mercury. The tube is inverted so that the open end is submerged in the cistern of mercury. The height of mercury in the tube is used to measure the pressure of the atmosphere in the cistern. Readings are taken by adjusting the level of mercury firstly in the cistern to zero points and then moving a vernier to the top of the mercury column.

Barograph:

               A barograph is an instrument used to measure pressure. It is a recording-type instrument. It consists of an evacuated metal chamber with flexible metal walls. As atmospheric pressure changes the pressure difference changes inside and outside causes the chamber to expand and contact. These movements are magnified mechanically to move a pen across the recording chart. The chart is wrapped around the drum which rotates at the rate of one revolution per week. To provide easy, trouble-free writing, a fiber tipping pen is supplied. This has enough black ink to write for a month. It should be replaced when the trace becomes faint.

Disdrometer:

                     Disdrometer is an instrument that is used by measuring the drop size distribution and speed of falling drops of rain. The main purpose of this instrument is used to measure the speed, size, and the number of raindrops. By using disdrometer, we easily find the difference in the size of drops of rain from hail and graupel.

Hygrometer:

                      A hygrometer is an instrument that is used to measure the quantity of moisture in the atmosphere. Some hygrometers measure the relative humidity which is shown as a percentage with not any unit. The hygrometer measurement unit is milliliters per cubic centimeter.

Thermometer: 

                          The thermometer is an instrument that is used for measuring the temperature. It contains various properties such as a thermal expansion of gases, liquids, or solids to find out the current temperature. Units are celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, etc. A thermometer is derived from the Greek words Thermo which mean heat and meter means measurements. It has two important elements. One is the temperature sensor bulb on a mercury thermometer in which some changes occur with the change in physical properties changes and the other is working fluid that is mercury.

Snow gauge:

                   Snow gauge is an instrument that is used to measure the amount of solid precipitation and period of time. Meteorologists and Hydrologists have used this device together. The depth of snow is normally measured in cm, and the measurement of melted snow is in millimeters.

Solarimeter:

                     Solarimeter is an instrument that is used to measure the direct and diffused solar radiations. Soalrimeter measures the energy developed from solar radiation based on the absorption of heat by the black body.

Wind vane:

                   A wind vane is an instrument that is used for showing the direction of wind and air. They are used as an architectural ornament to the highest point of the building. Traditional weather or wind vane has no unit of measure. It has East, West, North, and South. It just shows you which direction the wind is blowing.

Pan Evaporation:

                           Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or integrates the effect of several climate elements temperature, solar radiations, and wind Pan evaporation is used to measure the evaporation of soil . Different types of pan evaporation are used like float pan evaporation, land pan evaporation, and colorado sunken pan evaporation, etc.

Sunshine recorder:

                              A Sunshine recorder is an instrument that is used to records the amount of sunshine at a given location. the results provide information about weather and climate as well as the temperature of the geographical area.

Windsock:

                A windsock is a cone-shaped bag with an opening at both ends. When it is limp, winds are light, when it is stretched out, winds are strong. Pilots can quickly determine the direction and speed along the runway just by observing the shape of the windsock and the direction of the windsock.

Field mill:

               A field mill is an instrument that is used to measure the strength of the electrical field in the atmosphere near under storm clouds. Unit of measuring is newton per coulombs.

Rain gauge:

                   It is used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather. It is an instrument that is used to measure the rainfall, precipitation in the form of a liquid of any area. Rain gauges have different types of recording and nonrecording rain gauges. Recording rain gauges automatically tell the rainfall with respect to time. But Non-recording rain gauges do not tell the rainfall with respect to time automatically, it is manually operated. It is used to measure the amount of rainfall in millimeters.

Symon's Rain gauge (Non-recording):

                                    It consists of a funnel with a circular rim of 12.7 cm diameter and a glass bottle as a receiver. The cylindrical metal casing is fixed vertically to the masonry foundation with the level of rim 30.5 cm above the ground surface. The rainfall falling in the funnel is collected in the receiver and is measured in especially measuring glass graduated in mm of rainfall.

Tipping Bucket Rain gauge (Recording):

                                            It consists of a cylindrical receiver 30cm diameter with a funnel inside. Just below the funnel, a tipping bucket pair is pivoted such that when one of the buckets receives a rainfall of 0.25mm it tips and empties into the below tank, while the other bucket takes its position and the process is repeated. The tipping buckets are actually on an electronic circuit which causes a pen to move on a chart wrapped around a drum that revolves around the clock mechanism.

Weighing type Rain gauge( Recording ):

                                  It consists of a funnel, catches bucket, spring balance, and clock mechanism. When a certain weight of rainfall is collected in a tank, which rests on spring lever balance, it makes a pen to move on chart wrapped around a drum. The rotation of the drum sets the time scale while the vertical motion of the pen records the cumulative precipitation.

Float type Rain gauge (Recording):

                                              It consists of a funnel, filter, filter chamber, siphon chamber, siphon, pen, and clock mechanism. In this type of rain gauge, rain is collected in a float chamber, the float moves up which makes a pen move on a chart wrapped around a clock-driven drum. When the float chamber fills up the water siphon out automatically through the siphon chamber. The clock revolves around the drum once in 24 hours. This type of rain gauge rewinding once a week.